Drinking Water in China: A Guide for International Travelers
1. Tap Water: Not for Direct Drinking
In China, tap water is not safe to drink directly. This is primarily due to potential contamination during its journey from the treatment plant to your tap, including older pipe systems and water tanks that might cause secondary pollution (二次污染), which can introduce harmful microorganisms.
Although water treatment plants aim to purify the water, and some local governments like Ningbo claim their tap water meets national standards due to good water sources and closed transmission pipelines, the general advice for visitors remains: Avoid drinking tap water untreated.
What's in the water?
The risks primarily come from:
1. Microbial contamination: Such as bacteria and viruses, which can cause stomach upset. Boiling water effectively kills these microorganisms.
2. Chemical contaminants: Including organic compounds and heavy metal ions, which boiling does not remove. Long-term exposure to these contaminants can pose health risks.
If you need to use tap water:
Boiling is key: A vigorous boil for at least one minute is effective against microbial risks.
Consider a filter: For an extra layer of protection, especially against sediments or some chemicals, use a quality water filter in addition to boiling. Look for filters certified to NSF/ANSI standards.
2. Bottled Water: Your Go-To Choice
Bottled water is the most convenient and safe option for drinking water during your stay. China's bottled water market is vast and competitive.
Recommended Brands & What to Try:
1. Nongfu Spring (农夫山泉): The market leader (23.6% share), known for its "natural water" sourced from natural water sources.
2. C'estbon (怡宝) (Huabao Group): Holds the second-largest market share (18.4%), famous for its purified water.
3. Ganten (百岁山): A leading brand in the mineral water category (holds 70% of the mineral water segment), positioned as a mid-to-high-end option.
4. Wahaha (娃哈哈): A classic purified water brand that has seen a recent resurgence in popularity.
Price Tiers: You'll find bottled water from budget-friendly (¥1-2) to premium (¥5+ for imported or specialty brands like Evian or VOSS).
Buying Tips:
Look for trusted brands from supermarkets, convenience stores (like 7-Eleven, Lawson), or official brand stores.
Check the seal is intact before purchasing.
Size options: From small 350ml bottles for carrying around to large 5L or even 12L dispensers for hotel rooms or longer stays.
3. Public Drinking Fountains: Free & Convenient
Many Chinese cities have installed public drinking fountains (直饮水点) in parks, public squares, and some tourist areas. These are generally safe for drinking.
✅ How to use them:
Look for signs saying "直饮水" (Direct Drinking Water).
They often have sensors – place your hand near the sensor or press a button to activate the water flow.
Water is usually filtered and treated on-site.
These fountains are typically regularly maintained and tested by park management or city authorities to ensure water safety.
Where to find them:
Major parks in cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Changsha, and many others have them. For example, they are found in places like Gongqing Forest Park in Shanghai and Cherry Valley in Shenzhen.
4. Hotel & Accommodation Water
Provided bottled water: Most hotels provide free bottled water daily. This is almost always safe to drink.
Electric kettles: Virtually all hotel rooms have an electric kettle for boiling water. You can use it to boil tap water for drinking or making tea/coffee.
Water dispensers: Some hotels or serviced apartments might have water dispensers with large bottles of water. These are typically provided by reputable water companies.
5. Practical Tips for Travelers
Carry a bottle: Always have a sealed bottle of water with you, especially when out sightseeing.
Politely decline tap water: In restaurants, it's standard to be served boiled water, tea, or bottled water.
Brushing teeth: While using tap water for brushing teeth is generally considered low risk, those with sensitive stomachs or who are extra cautious might prefer to use boiled or bottled water.
Ice in drinks: Be cautious with ice in drinks at street food stalls or less established restaurants, as it might be made from untreated tap water. In international hotels or reputable bars, ice is usually made from filtered water and is safe.
Cultural Note: The Habit of Drinking Hot Water
You'll notice many Chinese people carry thermoses and drink hot or warm water (热水, rè shuǐ), believing it's better for digestion and overall health. This habit stems from historical reasons related to water safety and traditional medicine. Don't be surprised if you're offered hot water in restaurants, on trains, or in meetings – it's a sign of hospitality.
The simplest rule for a worry-free trip: When in doubt, choose sealed bottled water from a reputable brand or boiled water.